Differentiate Between Stress And Strain Engineering Essay

Differentiate Between Stress And Strain Engineering Essay When stretching a material, the length changes and the strain become positive. More strain means that more stress to the object once compress. When the material is compressed, the length changes and strain becomes negative. This obeys to the law of the stresses where go together with these strains, tensile stresses being positive and compressive stresses negative. http://studentweb.usq.edu.au/home/w0036795/etassgn_4/images_unit02/unit2_image36.gif Figure above shows the relationship between stress and stain as the stress is directly proportional to strain. There is a relationship where the force applied and the object changing in physical shape. It has revealed that the elastic behavior can be defined thru some relations with the form that the physical state changes is small in related to the original. This relationship can defined as Hookes Law ( F = -kx) Question 2 Pyrometer is used for measuring temperature. Discuss in details four principal techniques for the measurement of temperature. State the typical applications of different types of pyrometers A pyrometer used to measures heat from an object which has visible in bright or radiant. Pyrometers consider as thermometers where scientists use it to define the heat and heat type given out from an object. The critical variation between a pyrometer and other types of thermometers is the radiant levels on or after the heated objects are typically far too hot for interaction. That is why pyrometers have visual scanners that measure the heat. Four principal techniques for measurement of temperature. IR Pyrometers for Surface Temperatures The spectrum lies at wavelengths longer than light however shorter than microwaves or measuring system. IR pyrometers usually operate with wavelengths from two to twenty microns, reckoning on the material being measured. Plancks law states that the emissive power of a black body contains a spectral distribution reliant on the body temperature. This can be a well-known matter, thus there are numerous strategies to avoid this matter with variable target emissivity. IR Gas Temperature Pyrometers IR pyrometer functional at a wavelength consistent to the combustion emitted products, such as CO2 gas radiation (at 4.26 or 4.5 microns) can measure average gas temperature. This method needs gas to be combusted, meanwhile air not having a sturdy IR emission peaks. All fossil fuels produce CO2 after when it burnt, so this method is appropriate to oil and propane fired furnaces, but not for electrically heated furnaces. The temperature of the gas stately is the radiation temperature of the CO2 gases in the field of view of the lens, so choice of lens and placement is significant. 2 IR pyrometers must be located on opposite sides of the furnace to portion this temperature inhomogeneity. Whatever that blocks the assessment of the lens (as soot or dust), air penetration (less CO2 to measure temperatures) or huge differences in gas temperature with time can create the average temperature signal too strident to use straight in a control system. ACOUSTIC PYROMETERS Acoustic pyrometers is a method where used to measure the temperature of gases created on the temperature reliance of the speed of sound. The speed of sound diverges through the square root of the total gas temperature. This method stretches an average temperature completed an identified path length if the gas composition is identified and continuous. Guileless acoustical pyrometry uses the time of flight statistics for the leading wave front to reach the receiver. This is suitable on behalf of an average gas temperature for one path. The wavelengths may exist to be enormous, for instance, presumptuous a sound velocity of 880 m/s at a frequency of 500 Hz stretches a wavelength of 1.8 m. Ruptures of air can remain the basis of sound, giving an informal to connect, low-maintenance instrument. Numerous paths can be selected, which can be examined to provide 2D isothermal maps of furnace temperature problematic to crop by other resources for gas temperatures of 1650Â °C. Advantages of a coustical pyrometry embrace modest and rough equipment for industrial environments, numerous paths subsequently a single transmitter for a least amount of holes in the furnace walls for 2D temperature mapping, low operating costs and proven technology. Suction pyrometers Suction pyrometers are a method where suction is used to appeal the hot combustion gases past a thermocouple at a great velocity to decrease the fault in gas temperature measurements. Radiation shields reduce the thermal effects of radiation. Suction pyrometers are still the best industrial apparatuses for measuring combustion gas temperatures, for instance, they are used for impermanent gas temperature measurements at a specific position or for calibration of other temperature measurement apparatus. The micro suction pyrometer has been established to evade countless of the disadvantages of the suction pyrometer. Main disadvantages with micro suction pyrometers comprise their lesser accurateness and additional brittle construction comparative to conservative suction pyrometers. Types of pyrometers Broadband Pyrometer The broadband pyrometer is used to record the broadband wavelengths of radiation, typically about 0.3 microns. However furthermost repeatedly used, they can have big mistakes in readings. Subsequently they are merely registering a minor quantity of an object heat. Everything from water vapor to dust can produce a reading error. Optical Pyrometers An optical pyrometer let a scientist to observe heat though all pyrometers are optical in the sense they can recite an objects heat from a distance. An optical pyrometer is used to measures the heat infrared wavelengths and straight displays the manipulator the object heat distribution. Additional pyrometers typically have a screen to shows the results of an optical scan. An optical pyrometer can act lie a telescope where the scientists can look over a lens and see the infrared wavelengths of an object. Optical pyrometers are one of the oldest pyrometer types and are able to see the wavelength levels up to 0.65 microns. Radiation Pyrometer A radiation pyrometer is used to determine pure radiation wavelengths. The device contains an optical scanner that can perceive 0.7 to 20 microns on the range of wavelength, the overall range for radioactive heat. The optical scanner lightens the burden of scientists in measuring the radiation levels without putting the pyrometer up to the object, where it can endanger the person in charge to expose to radiation. Question 3 Draw the functional block diagram of Electrocardiography (ECG) machines and explain each in details. From the functional block diagram, answer the following: 1. What (electrically) is being measured? 2. How is the electrical signal capture? What is the sensor? How does it work? Draw a complete circuit to represent the functional block diagram What is ECG? An electrocardiogram or ECG is used to measure and analyzed electrical recording of the heart and even used to investigate heart disease. British physiologist Augustus D. Waller is the creator of electrocardiography and published the first human electrocardiogram in the year 1887. Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven, who transformed this inquisitive physiologic phenomenon into a crucial clinical recording device, was awarded a Nobel prize in medicine. Block diagram of ECG http://edge.rit.edu/content/OldEDGE/public/Archives/P05903/WebsitePics/ECGsetup.JPG When the heart depolarizes, its suitable (and quite precise) to denote the electrical activity as a dipole which a vector between two point charges. A vector has both a size (magnitude), and a direction. The potential diverges around the volume conductor. This applies to all intra-cardiac events, so the vector (or axis) for P waves, the QRS complex, T waves, and so on. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTmU3XE3hQtg3YCLEzNO1ws3o67QG9pnFj8G3DmW4tpwIfyi9_bYowLrl-DcDxzFj3Ji5wepOllELWWS__QOIRFEvqc-NysT5PvrwOArTHoX7XLsHdlp3SoTwJvgPYutIvUfpgj1xldqQ/s1600/3-lead_ecg-signal+measurement.jpg The electrocardiogram, or ECG is a surface measurement of the electrical potential produced by electrical action in cardiac tissue. Current flow in ion form and signals shrinkage of cardiac muscle fibers foremost to the hearts pumping activity. The human heart can also be considered as a large muscle where the beating is just contraction of muscles. Consequently contractions of the heart create a potential. The measurement of the potential created by cardiac muscle is called as electrocardiology. Types of electric is being measured a) Bipolar leads: The position point located on one limb, the `sensing electrode can be on another limb. The leads are mark as I, II, and III. b) Unipolar leads: The position point located in some leads that joined together, and the sensing lead is located on one limb. These leads are predictably increased, in that the position lead on the limb sensed is disconnected from the other two. c) The V leads : The position where lengthen across the precordium, V1 in the fourth right interspace, V2 4th left, V4 at the apex (5th interspace, midclavicular line), V3 halfway in between V2 and V4, and V5 V6 in the 5th interspace at the anterior and mid axillary lines correspondingly. These electrode leads are usually connected to potential differences devices between selected electrodes to create the specific ECG tracings. Majority of the ECG leads are bipolar leads (e.g., standard limb leads) that apply a single positive and a single negative electrode amongst which electrical potentials are measured. Unipolar leads (augmented leads and chest leads) consist os single positive recording electrode and apply a blend of the other electrodes to assist as a merged negative electrode. Typically, once an ECG is recorded, all leads are recorded instantaneously, normally called as 12-lead ECG. How is the electrical signal capture? What is the sensor? How does it work? Cardiac electrical potential wave forms (voltages created through the heart as its chambers contract) are measured by the PASCO CI-6539A EKG (Electrocardiogram) Sensor. The sensor contains of the electronics box by a cable for connecting to the PASCO computer interface through a five pin DIN analog connector. 3 electrode leads pass in the electronics box on the side opposite the cable that assigns to the interface. The sensor signal is conveyed from side to side an opto-isloation circuit. An isolation transformer is used to transfer the sensors power. Question 5 Explain in detail idea of industrial voltage to frequency converters and frequency to voltage converters using an operational amplifier. Voltage to frequency converter The voltage-to-frequency converter is a converter which delivers an output frequency precisely relative to its input voltage. The digital open-collector frequency output is well-matched through all mutual logic families. Its adding input features give the VFC32 outstanding noise resistance and small nonlinearity. Complete output frequency is determined by an exterior capacitor and resistor. Open-collector logic output is gain from the frequency output terminal. A pull-up resistor is typically connected to a 5V logic supply to generate normal logic-level pulses. Though, it connected to some power supply (+VCC). Production pulses obligate a continuous period and positive-going throughout the oneshot period. Current flowing in the open-collector output transistor proceeds by the common terminal. The terminal must be linked to logic ground. Frequency to voltage conversion The capacitive-coupled response network C3, R6 and R7 let typical 5V logic levels to activate the comparator input. The comparator causes the one-shot on the dropping control of the frequency input pulses. Beginning voltage of the comparator is about -0.7V. 5V logic levels having less waveform for frequency input, the comparator is activated by regulating the voltage divider of R6/R7 to a lower voltage. C2 smoothens the output voltage waveform. Greater values of C2 decrease the wrinkle in the output voltage. Lesser values of C2 let the output voltage to resolve quicker in response to a modification in input frequency. Resistor R1 can be pared to attain the preferred output voltage at the complete input frequency. The signal response current is equivalent to VIN/R1. This current is combined by response op amp and C2, creating a descending ramping integrator output voltage. Once the integrator output slopes to the verge of the comparator, the one-shot is activated. The 1mA reference cu rrent is swapped to the integrator input throughout the one-shot length, producing the integrator production ramp rising. Subsequently the one-shot period, the integrator again ramps descending. The fluctuation procedure forces a long-term stability of charge (or average current) between the input signal current and the reference current. Question 6 Describe the purpose and basic operation principle of differential pressure flow meters. Differentiate between orifice plate, venturi, nozzle and pitot tube. Differential pressure flow meters It is the control of fluid flow rate by interpretation the pressure loss thru a pipe restriction is possibly the greatest where usually used flow measurement method in industrialized uses (Figure 2-1). The descent of pressure created by a extensive variability of geometrical restrictions have been well considered over the years. These primary or head flow elements originate in a extensive diversity of configurations, all with exact application assets and flaws. Differences on the refrain of differential pressure (d/p) flow measurement http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume4/images/07_Fig_01_l.GIF Orifice plates http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume4/images/07_Fig_04_l.GIF In clean liquid, gas, and steam service, orifice plates are generally used. It is obtainable for entirely pipe sizes, very economical for gauging flows in bigger pipes (over 6 diameter). Numerous standards organizations permitted the orifice plates as is used for the supervision the transfer of liquids and gases. The orifice flow calculations used today still fluctuate from each other, though the numerous standards organizations are operational to accept a solitary, generally accepted orifice flow calculation. User can select the flow equation thru orifice sizing program. Even though it is a modest device, the orifice plate can be considered as a precision instrument. Orifice plates are fairly sensitive to a change of error-inducing situations. Precision in the drag controls, the excellence of the connection, and the state of the plate itself regulate the routine. Installation influences embrace tap position and state, form of the process pipe, capability of straight pipe innings, ga sket intrusion, misalignment of pipe and orifice drags, and lead line design. Other adverse conditions comprise the corrosion or erosion of the pipes, dirt, and grease or secondary phase deposits on either orifice surface. http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume4/images/07_Fig_06_l.GIF Venture tube http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume4/images/07_Fig_07_l.GIF The venturi tubes is quite expensive, so they are mainly used for greater flows or on further tough or difficult flow applications. Venturis are not sensitive to velocity outline properties and consequently need fewer straight pipe run than an orifice. The character of scrubbing act of the flow through the tube creates the device resistant to corrosion, erosion, and interior scale build up. Due to high initial cost, the owner still is promising as the savings in fitting and functioning and maintenance costs. Flow element is long which considered by a narrowing inlet and a deviating outlet. The entrance is used to determine the inlet pressure, while the throat section is to measure the static pressure. The pressure taps nourish into a joint annular chamber, as long as an average pressure analysis over the whole perimeter of the element. The venturi is partial in its use to clean, non-corrosive liquids and gases. The great instability and the absence of holes in which material can gath er create flow tubes well suitable for slurry and mud services. But, maintenance costs can be high if air removal cant stop persisting of the pressure taps and lead lines. Plunger-like devices (vent cleaners) can be connected to occasionally eliminate accumulation from interior openings, even though the meter is online. Flow nozzle http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume4/images/07_Fig_09_l.GIF The flow nozzle can be said it is more stable than the orifice plate, mainly in greater or higher temperature and higher velocity services as compared to orifice plates. It used to determine high flow rates of superheated vapor. The flow nozzle also having a better flow capacity than the orifice plate and needs a lesser first investment than a venturi tube, but also delivers lesser pressure recovery. A main disadvantage of the nozzle is that it is harder to change than the orifice except it can be detached as part of a spool unit. Flow nozzles preserve their accuracy for long periods, even in tough service. Flow nozzles can be very accurate way to determine gas flows. As soon as the gas velocity influences the speed of sound in the throat, the velocity cant surge any more and a overcome flow condition is extended. Pitot Tubes http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume4/images/07_Fig.12_l.GIF Pitot tube is one of the simple in design flow sensors where it is used to measure varied range of flow measurement applications. Normally, it is used in air speed in racing cars and air force fighter jets. Pitot tubes also used to analyze air flow in pipes, ducts, and stacks, and liquid flow in pipes, weirs, and open channels in industrial applications. The accuracy and range capability are moderately low, while pitot tubes are modest, dependable, low-cost, and suitable for a diversity of environmental situations, plus tremendously high temperatures and a wide range of pressures.

Essay --

Explaining Consciousness Provides Physicalism With Challenges That Place Limits On Scientific Knowledge, And What It Can Uncover About Consciousness Consciousness is one of those topics that are in the position of trying to understand one’s own organism with one’s own organism. The topic of consciousness is so elusive that it mirrors child hood games of trying to catch your own shadow. In the World of philosophy, discerning the truth about consciousness is no childish game. Materialist J.J.C Smart and philosopher Thomas Nagel agree that qualia exist, but are diametrically opposed when it comes to what consciousness is. In this paper I will argue for Nagel’s point of view that consciousness falls outside the nucleus of scientific explanation. Physicalism cannot objectively uncover consciousness using scientific methods because consciousness cannot be reduced to material parts. If Smart’s reductionist view points were correct, where as physics can explain all there is to know about everything in the universe, then why does consciousness seem to evade physical laws of investigation? Explaining consciousn ess provides physicalism with challenges that place limits on scientific knowledge, and what it can uncover about consciousness. J.J.C Smart proposes that a scientific explanation of consciousness must fall with in universal physical laws. Furthermore, if science could not explain consciousness within scientific laws, than we would have a problem called a nomological dangler. For Smart, this is unbelievable. It would seem that this move by Smart is one based on scientific bias. The nature of consciousness rests in the experience of the first person account, and if philosophy of mind is to have a complete scientific knowledge of the... ...the sense that they are easily detectable. Physically looking for something that does not have a physical structure is like trying to get rid of the left by going to the right side. Ultimately, science is looking in the wrong direction because it cannot by default take into consideration first person quotes. In conclusion, it is very difficult to come up with scientific solutions to the problem of consciousness. Science may never be able to solve the mysteries of qualia. New methods might need to be introduced to uncover personal experience that lie far off in the future. Philosophers will just need to continue in their search for a complete theory of a science of mind. In addition, humility within the sciences may go along way towards an understanding of consciousness. â€Å" We do not know what consciousness means outside the frame of personality†- Albert Einstein

Reading Schedule

Week 1 Tuesday 01/15 Introduction/Syllabus/ â€Å"Where I’m From† poem Thursday 01/17 Read â€Å"Brainology† by Carol Dweck Week 2 Tuesday 01/22 Read â€Å"Ain’t I a Woman† and â€Å"The Men We Carry In Our Minds† Thursday 01/24 Active Reading and Analysis Standards (posted on Blackboard under writing and reading tools) Week 3 Tuesday 01/29 Read â€Å"Narration† in Patterns; Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 1-3 Thursday 01/31 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 4-5 Week 4 Tuesday 02/5 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 6-7 Thursday 02/7 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 8Week 5 Tuesday 02/12 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 9-11 Thursday 02/14 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 12 Week 6 Tuesday 02/19 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 13-14; Read I Love Yous Are for White People Epilogue, â€Å"About the book† and â€Å"Read on† Thursday 02/21 Read â€Å"Descriptionâ €  in Patterns page 143-148; Read â€Å"Exemplification† in Patterns page 199-201; Read â€Å"Process† in Patterns page 199-201 Week 7 Tuesday 02/26 Read â€Å"Cause and Effect† † in Patterns page 321-326; Read The Kite Runner pages 1-47 Thursday 02/28 Read The Kite Runner pages 48-58 Week 8Tuesday 03/05 Read â€Å"Comparison and Contrast† in Patterns page 383-384; Read The Kite Runner pages 59-100 Thursday 03/07 The Kite Runner pages 101-124 Week 9 Tuesday 03/12 Read Classification and Division in Patterns pages 447-448 The Kite Runner pages 125-189 Thursday 03/14 The Kite Runner pages 190-223 Week 10 Tuesday 03/19 Read â€Å"Definition† in Patterns page 505-506; The Kite Runner pages 224-272 Thursday 03/21 The Kite Runner pages 273-292 Week 11 SPRING BREAK Tuesday 03/26 No Class Thursday 03/28 No Class Week 12 Tuesday 04/02 The Kite Runner pages 293-371 Thursday 04/04 Read â€Å"Argumentation† in Patterns page 547-548 Week 13Tuesd ay 04/09 Read â€Å"Combining The Patterns† in Patterns page 705-706 Thursday 04/11 Read Scholarly Source Week 14 Tuesday 04/16 Read â€Å"Using Research in Your Writing† page 757-766 Thursday 04/18 Read â€Å"Using Research in Your Writing† page 766-782 Week 15 Tuesday 04/23 Read Scholarly Source Thursday 04/25 Read Scholarly Source Week 16 Tuesday 04/30 Read Scholarly Source Thursday 05/02 Read Scholarly Source Week 17 Tuesday 05/07 Read Scholarly Source Thursday05/09 Read Scholarly Source Week 18 Tuesday 05/14 Read Scholarly Source Thursday 05/16 Read Scholarly Source Week 19 Finals Week Tuesday 05/21 Final Exam

Conscience essays

Conscience essays What makes us humans different from elephants, snakes or chimps besides our shape? We have consciences, of course. Conscience is the awareness of right and wrong. In the Crucible, the idea of conscience in strongly emphasized. Miller himself said, "No critic seemed to sense what I was after [which was] the conflict between a mans raw deeds and his conception of himself; the question of whether conscience is in fact an organic part of the human being, and what happens when it is handed over not merely to the state or the mores of the time but to ones friend or wife." The idea of conscience in the play The Crucible is based very much on Christian concepts, firstly the idea of morality, or conscience of right and wrong, secondly the idea of the confession of sin, and finally the idea of guilt and penance for sins. Conscience and authority ... a heart or a head response? I believe that authority and the law should only apply where the conscience fails, that is when the appearance of rig ht and wrong is tainted. Personal conscience and reason should be the final authority. First, at the start of the book, we see that the people of Salem have already begun to strain under this strict idea of conscience, this repression. Abigail says to John, "I look for John Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! I never knew what pretence Salem was, I never knew the lying lessons I was taught by all these Christian women and their covenanted men! And now you bid me tear the light out of my eyes? I will not, I cannot!" The girls dance in the woods and cast spells, something distinctly forbidden by theocratic law. This is why Abigail seizes the opportunity before her at the beginning of the play: she sees the witchhunt as a means for her to work herself around the conscience of the Church and all its restrictions, and instead establish her own idea of right and wrong. While the theocracy was established for the no...

Roll of thunder hear my cry essays

Roll of thunder hear my cry essays With fast food restaurants on every corner, the choice of vegetarianism is seemingly ignored in our society today. Fewer and fewer people are even considering a switch from omnivore to herbivore. And the few who do may vary in their idea of exactly what vegetarianism is. Some believe that you simply refrain from eating meat, but that brings up the question of dairy products and eggs. Are they okay to eat? Yet still some believe that a true vegetarian is really a vegan, or a person that has restricted their diet to organic fruits and vegetables only. Which ever they choose, an important question is still left unanswered. Does vegetarianism offer more advantages in life than a In order for your body to function and operate as it was intended to, it must be healthy. There are many different aspects to health, but one of the most important ones is your diet. More specifically, protein in your diet. Proteins are tiny groups of highly complex organic compounds that are found in each and every single one of our cells. (Low) They all have different functions, however. Some regulate metabolism, some build muscle, and still others transport and carry nutrients. (Low) Whatever the task, proteins are an essential part of a healthy diet. There are a number of ways that you can meet the required amount of protein in your diet. The most obvious one would be to eat foods that are high in protein. This group may include meats, poultry, fish, and eggs. But this does not mean that you can only get protein from animal based foods. Protein is protein so its source, (animal or plant,) is not important. Thats a matter of personal That personal choice is the choice of a more efficient, and maybe even a smarter way of eating. Did you know that some of the most intellectual people in history made the choice of becoming vegetarian? Albert Einstein was once quoted saying &q...

Should local and state police have the authority to check on Research Paper - 1

Should local and state police have the authority to check on immigration status - Research Paper Example he ability of the terrorists to manipulate the weak points of immigration laws was not surprising, as enforcing these laws has proved to be an uphill task. It is suggested that the number of illegal aliens living in the United States is close to 7-10 million with a handful of 2000 enforcement agents to deal with them. This hence increased the urgency of reform in the immigration system (Kobach 179 Â ´). On reading the letter sent to him by the United States attorney general suggesting the involvement of the local police in enforcing the federal immigration law, Mayor Peterson was of the contrary opinion. On his reply to the attorney general, Mayor Peterson indicated that the local police were not the right personnel equipped for this task. He went on to elaborate that local police lacked the necessary expertise and training that is crucial in ascertaining on whom is illegally in the country. In addition to this, by placing the responsibility of enforcing the immigration laws on the local police, United States will be diverting these law enforcement agents from their neighborhood responsibilities that have existed since time in memorial. The hard-earned trust that existed between the new residents and the police could be jeopardized thanks to the new responsibilities regarding enforcement of immigration laws. In addition to this, the long founded legacy that existed in the city of service delivery to all despite ones immigration status could be destroyed. This legacy was viewed as the key to promoting public safety as discrimination is avoided (Indianapolis Monthly 2006, 225). D’Appollonia and Reich also indicate that by delegating the immigration status alone cannot amount to involvement of the local and state police in immigration enforcement. They go on to indicate that this is tantamount to transformation of the state police to personal destruction. The delegation of responsibilities regarding immigration enforcement to the local police by the federal

Mary Rowlandson captiviity narrative vs. Douglas slave narrative Research Paper

Mary Rowlandson captiviity narrative vs. Douglas slave narrative - Research Paper Example the most famous and moving of a number of narratives written by former slaves, in factual detail describes the events of his life as a slave and thereafter. Both works are considered influential in early American literature. Analyzing the two, one sees that what at first appears to be a connection bound by the notion of captivity, that connection is well superseded by the very different personal and overall goals of the writers. .. a single individual, usually a woman, [who] stands passively under the strokes of evil, awaiting rescue by the grace of God. The sufferer represents the whole, chastened body of Puritan society; and the temporary bondage of the captive to the Indian is dual paradigm-- of the bondage of the soul to the flesh and the temptations arising from original sin, and of the self-exile of the English Israel from England. In the Indians devilish clutches, the captive had to meet and reject the temptation of Indian marriage and/or the Indians "cannibal" Eucharist. To partake of the Indians love or of his equivalent of bread and wine was to debase, to un-English the very soul. The captives ultimate redemption by the grace of Christ and the efforts of the Puritan magistrates is likened to the regeneration of the soul in conversion. The ordeal is at once threatful of pain and evil and promising of ultimate salvation. Through the captives proxy, the promise of a similar salvation could be offere d to the faithful among the reading public, while the captives torments remained to harrow the hearts of those not yet awakened to their fallen nature. (Stokes 94) Narratives of slavery, such as that written by Frederick Douglass, recounted the personal experiences of ante-bellum African Americans who had escaped from slavery and found their way to safety in the North. Employing the tradition of the captivity narrative, narratives of slavery were similarly reliant on Biblical references and imagery. Differing in context, however, they were replete with